英語論文摘要范文
英語論文格式:中英文摘要范例【1】
關鍵詞:英語論文格式英文摘要范例
摘要:威尼斯商人》是莎士比亞戲劇作品之一,它的主題是歌頌善良,友誼和愛。
在這里,我們要提及人文主義—那段時期主要的特征區(qū)別,也展現(xiàn)在這部戲里最重要的角色上。
摘 要
《威尼斯商人》是莎士比亞戲劇作品之一,它的主題是歌頌善良,友誼和愛。
在這里,我們要提及人文主義—那段時期主要的特征區(qū)別,論文格式也展現(xiàn)在這部戲里最重要的角色上。
女權主義是人文主義最重要的一部分之一。
它的主要的目標和內容都是從人文主義的思想體系和人物性格中學習而來的。
人們研究莎劇主要從人文主義思想和人物形象兩方面研究。
本文將從女性和女權主義角度分析《威尼斯商人》,結合該作品主要內容和背景,評議作品中的三個女性人物形象及其表現(xiàn),揭示《威尼斯商人》深刻反映的女權和女性主義思想。
通過女性主義“婦女形象”批評方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)莎士比亞塑造了反傳統(tǒng)的、具有現(xiàn)代思想的女性。
同男性形象相比,女性處于主動、中心地位而男性別處于被動、服從地位。
這與其他女性批評家所批評的男性筆下兩個極端類型——好女人,壞女人相去甚遠;相反的,他創(chuàng)造的女性人物有著反傳統(tǒng)的和現(xiàn)代的思想。
莎翁的女性形象打破了父權中心,解構了父權社會對婦女的界定,指明了莎士比亞的女權主義傾向。
關鍵詞:人類 ;精神 ;女性意識;價值;
Abstract
The Merchant of Venice is one of dramatic work write by Shakespeare. Its theme is to extol kindness, friendship and love,There, we mention Humanism—the main distinguishable feature of that period, also the bright characteristic which is shown from the important role in this play. Feminism is an important part of Humanism. And the main target and content are studied from this work are its humanism ideology and character image. In accordance with the related bibliographies and spirit essences of female and feminism, while combining with the main contents and backgrounds of the work, this paper sees through and analysis’s the work from the angle of the female and feminism, as well as makes judgments on three female characters’ appearances and behaviors in this drama and reveals the feminism and female ideology that The Merchant of Venice has deeply reflected. The paper intends to make an analysis of the merchant in Venice in the critics of the women image of feminism and finds that the women image in Shakespeare's works is not the two extreme type created by female authors who are criticized by the feminism critics: http://www.51lunwen.org/yingyulunwengeshi/ good woman and bad woman; on the contrary, he creates the female characters with anti-tradition and modern ideas. Compared with the male characters, the female ones are active and in central position and the male ones passive and subornation. Thus the patriarchy-centered and deconstructs the definition of women in a patriarchal society and indicates the feminism tendency in Shakespeare's works.
Keywords: human; spirits; female consciousness; value
論文英文摘要寫作注意事項【2】
論文摘要,作為一篇論文的精髓,對一篇文章的意義非常重大,但是國內很多人在這方面缺乏足夠的重視,會在一定程度上影響論文的質量。
希望能夠通過分享這篇文章對廣大學生帶來相應的幫助。
由于文章是很久以前的,已經(jīng)無法找到出處,請作者諒解。
論文摘要的 時態(tài) 基本上有兩種 : 一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時。
由于學術論文寫作通常采用一般現(xiàn)在時, 摘要也多用一般現(xiàn)在時。
目的、方法、結果及結論部分多用一般現(xiàn)在時 , 背景介紹常采用一般過去時。
一般現(xiàn)在時用于描述研究目的和范圍、研究內容、結果和結論 ;一般過去時用于描述論文撰寫前作者已做的工作, 也可用于表示轉述已發(fā)表文獻的報導、討論和研究內容。
語態(tài)與人稱
主張多采用被動語態(tài)。
因為使用被動語態(tài)不僅可以省略施動者 , 避免出現(xiàn)“We ”表示式 , 而且還可以使需強調的事物做主語而突出了它們的地位,有利于說明事實。
英文摘要往往采用第三人稱的被動語態(tài) , 可以避免提及有關執(zhí)行者, 使行文顯得客觀。
同時, 被動語態(tài)句子在結構上有較大的調節(jié)余地, 有利于使用恰當?shù)男揶o手段, 擴展名詞短語, 擴大句子信息量。
但有時采用主動語態(tài)比用被動語態(tài)在結構上更簡練, 表達更
英文摘要的翻譯
英文摘要應直接用英文寫, 這樣能按英文思維方式更直接、準確地表達原文。
但是, 這對一些作者尚有難度。
在翻譯過程中, 要避免按中文字面意義逐字翻譯, 應從語篇層次把握原文, 選擇恰當?shù)姆g單位。
劉士聰認為, 在翻譯過程中, 分析和轉換是一個難以截然分開的思維過程, 以主 述位作翻譯單位 , 一方面是注意到了它本身的形式特點, 另一方面也注意到了它在語篇中的銜接功能 , 可以把對原文的分析和轉換統(tǒng)一起來。
英文摘要的寫作
根據(jù)《EI》的要求 , 一篇較好的英文摘要應較好地回答以下 4 個方面的問題:1) what you want to do(目的),2)How you did it (方法) ,3) What result didi you get and what conclusions can you draw ( 結果和結論 ); 4) What is original in your paper ( 創(chuàng)新獨到之處 ) 。
在開頭交待論文的目的時 , 英文摘要的首句不要重復題名或題名的一部分 , 同時摘要中要盡量少談或不談背景信息。
在介紹方法、結果和結論時 , 忌泛泛而談 , 空洞無物。
在寫作時 , 要盡可能明確地把論文的創(chuàng)新、獨到之處交待出來。
關于英文摘要的文法《EI》提出了以下幾點要求 :
1) 盡量用短句 ; 2) 用主動語態(tài)而不用被動語態(tài) ; 3) 要盡量簡潔 , 去掉一切并不增進對摘要理解的多余字句 ; 4) 介紹過去所做的工作時用過去時態(tài) , 介紹結果和結論時則用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。
(1) 研究的背景、目的和范圍———常用現(xiàn)在時 ; (2) 研究的方法、手段或步驟———常用過去時、現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時 ; (3) 研究的結果———常用過去時 ; (4) 研究得出的主要結論———常用現(xiàn)在時或情態(tài)助動詞。
現(xiàn)以下篇英文摘要為例進行分析和說明。
標點符號
科技期刊英文摘要中標點符號使用不當?shù)膯栴}很普遍 , 主要原因是作者沿用漢語標點符號的習慣。
這類問題在文稿、報告中不明顯 , 但正式印刷出來后非常搶眼。
所以 , 在組織英文摘要時應特別注意以下幾點 :
(1) 英文標點符號中除了破折號長度占 2 個英文字符外, 其他均只占1個英文字符 ( 大致半個漢字 ) 。
中、英文的逗號、分號、冒號等乍看起來完全一樣 , 但實際上也是不一樣的。
排英文摘要時應轉換到英文狀態(tài)下操作 , 避免英文中出現(xiàn)全角標點 , 例如“ Darwin's theory of natural selection ” ( 應該是“ Darwin's theory of natural selection ” ) 等 , 影響版面的美觀。
(2) 英文標點符號中沒有“《》”、“、”和“~”。
英文中書名一般用斜體表示 , 該用頓號時用逗號 , 表示數(shù)字范圍則用半字線“ - ”。
英文中“~”有時用在阿拉伯數(shù)字前表示近似。
(3) 文中破折號、數(shù)字范圍號與連字符分別為 : “—” ( 長度占 2 個英文字符 ) 、“ - ” ( 占 1 個英文字符 ), 而漢語中相應符號的長度分別比其長 1 倍 : “——” ( 長度占 2 個漢字 ) 、“—” ( 占 1 個漢字 ) 和“ - ” ( 占半個漢字 ) 。
此外 , 英文中的省略號是 3 個由空格隔開的英文句點“ ... ” , 而不是“…”。
(4) 在英文中 , 無論引號中是一個單句、短語、從句還是獨立成分 , 末尾的逗號和句號等一律封閉在引號之內。
(5) 漢語中標點符號前后均不空格 , 而英文則不一樣。
英文點號前不空 , 后要空一格 ; 英文破折號 “——” , 數(shù)字范圍號“ - ”和連字符“ - ”前后均不空格 ; 英文引號和括號外面前后均空格 , 里面前后均不空格。
(6) 帶縮略號的縮略語位于句末時 , 可省略一個黑點 , 但省略號位于句末時 , 句點不能省略。
(7) 可用若干個帶連字符的詞修飾同一個名詞 , 例如“ the second-, third-or forth-class mails ”( 二、三、四級郵件 ), “ three- and four- syllable words ” ( 三音節(jié)和四音節(jié)詞 ), 不能寫作“ three-four-syllable words ”。
例 :Blackmur writes, “Mr. Eliot's poetry is not devotional in any sense of which we have been speaking... ” 例 :Dashes, parentheses, commas—all are used to set off parenthetical matter(see also page111).
數(shù)字表示
目前科技期刊英文摘要中的數(shù)字表示很隨便。
在英文中用到數(shù)字時是用文字 (one,two,three,...) 還是阿拉伯數(shù)字 (1,2,3,---) 表示 , 需要遵循一定的規(guī)則 , 這就像在中文科技文稿中用漢字還是用阿拉伯數(shù)字有一定的規(guī)則一樣。
一般說來 ,1 位數(shù) (1 至 9) 通常用文字表示 , 多位數(shù) ( ≥ 10) 則趨向于使用阿拉伯數(shù)字 , 也遵循易讀、易寫、前后一致的原則。
有統(tǒng)計意義的、與單位符號及數(shù)字符號一起的數(shù)字 , 一般都用阿拉伯數(shù)字。
在編寫時應注意下列問題 :(1) 表示概數(shù)時 , 只能使用英文數(shù)字 :about five hundreds ( 約 500), approximately forty thousands( 近 4 萬 ) 。
(2) 阿拉伯數(shù)字不宜出現(xiàn)在句子的開頭。
例如“ Six percent students voted. ” (6% 的學生投了票 ) 不宜為“ 6 percent students voted. ”。
這種情況下最好改寫句子 , 避免用數(shù)字開頭 , 例如“ Fifteen new products are set for release in the next year. ” ( 有 15 種新產(chǎn)品決定在明年推出 ) 可改寫為 : “ The company decides to release 15 new products in the next year. ” ( 公司決定明年推出 15 種新產(chǎn)品 ) 。
(3) 2 項數(shù)字相連時 , 其中一個用文字 , 另一個用數(shù)字 , 具體看哪一種方式簡短 : “ 36 fifty-watt amplifiers ”或“ thirty-six 50 watt amplifiers ” (36 個 50W 的放大器 ) 。
(4)4 位以上的數(shù)字最好每隔 3 位用 1/4 的空格分開。
目前許多書刊上仍用逗號作分隔符。
鑒于有些國家用逗號表示小數(shù)點 , 為避免引起混淆 , 國際標準化組織建議科技書刊中用空格來分隔數(shù)字。
這種做法已開始為人們所接受。
例如 ,US $ 23000, 9600000km 2; 在科技書刊中推薦采用 a × 10n 的形式。
(5) 由于在英、美等國 billion, trillion 及 quadrillion 所代表的數(shù)目不一致 , 科技文稿中應避免使用 , 例如“ 12.5 億人口”最好表示為“ apopulationof1.25 × 109 ” 。
英文摘要正文的寫作模式
英文摘要語篇結構固定 , 內容完整。
英文摘要的篇章結構通常涉及主題句、拓展句和結論句三部分 , 涵蓋了研究的背景、目的和范圍 , 研究的方法、手段或步驟 , 研究的結果 , 研究得出的主要結論或建議四個方面。
由于摘要字數(shù)有限 ( 英文摘要一般不超過 250 個詞 ), 所以研究的背景、目的和范圍有時候可省略 , 寫作的重點放在后三個方面。
1. 主題句的常用句型或表達方法主題句多用于介紹論文涉及的研究課題和領域 , 提供研究背景信息或陳述研究目的 , 其常見的句型或表達方法如下 :
(1) Previous reaearch has shown that...;
(2) It has been shown that...;
(3) The principle of ...is outlined;
(4) The apparatus for ...is described;
(5) Automation of...is examined;
(6)An account of...is given;
(7)The use of ... is addressed;
(8)The mechanism of ... is examined;
(9) The dependence of ... was established;
(10) An analysis of ... was carried out;
(11) The purpose of the present study is was to ...;
(12) The aim of our research is was to...;
(13)The objective of this investigation is was to ...;
(14) This paper is intended to...;
(15) This paper is to...;
(16) The author(s) made this study inorder to find out discover reveal obtain demonstrate test...;
(17) With the aim of...;
(18)This paper deals with...;
(19) Based on ... is described discussed presented analyzed dealt with in this paper
(20)In this paper ... is discussed explored an analyzed
2. 拓展句的常用句型或表達方法拓展句承接主題句 , 通常處于摘要正文的中間 , 多描述研究的方法、手段、過程、步驟或結果 拓展句常見句型或表達方法如下
(1) The method of ... was used to ...;
(2) The experiment was to...;
(3) The investigation has been conducter to ...;
(4) The data are derived by using...;
(5) The experimental results are obtained by ...;
(6) The test was conducter with ...;
(7) A relationship is observed between ... and ...;
(8) A theoretical procedure is described for...;
(9) The method was based on...;
(10)... can be achieved through by using...
3. 結論句的常見句型或表達方法
結論句置于正文的最后 , 通常用于介紹主要研究成果 , 提出獨到的見解或建議 , 陳述主要結論。
結論句常用的句型或表達方法如下 :
(1) The findings indicate that ...;
(2) The results indicate show that...;
(3)This paper concludes that ...;
(4)This study investigation research leads the author(s) to a conclusion that ...;
(5)The research enables us to conclude that ...;
(6) It is concluded that...;
(7) The results agree with ...;
(8) The test experiment shows that....;
(9) It is suggested that...;
(10)These results will can be significant for ...
英文文獻摘要范例【3】
ABSTRACT
William Faulkner is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century. As a leader ofAmerican “Southern Renaissance”, he won the Nobel Prize of literature in 1949 for “hispowerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”. (Faulkner,1949) Light in August is one of his masterpieces which explore moral themes related tothe decline of the old South. This thesis primarily concentrates on hard-to-defineidentity of the protagonist-Joe Christmas with the application of the post-colonialisttheory.
Identity, from the perspective of post-colonialism, is a dynamic process ofconstruction involved with historical and social elements. It is neither natural nor stable,but invented and constructed outside. In the novel, Joe Christmas is regarded as amulatto suspect because of his birth riddle, despite the fact that there is no clearevidence about his uncertainty. Caged within the racism-rooted southern society, Joe'suncertain identity sets him onto the tragic life, for this ambiguity itself is a threat to thestability of the community. On the one hand, Joe is in the endless pursuit of his ownidentity under the influence of society. He is so obsessed with locating his own positionand seeking the sense of belonging that he cannot find peace in deep heart. It turns outthat all his efforts fail, without satisfactory consequences. In a certain sense, Joe createsthe predicament for himself. Having failed to apply the strategy of hybridity inpost-colonialism to fight back the society, Joe is doomed to be ostracized andabandoned by the mainstream white society. He is like a round peg in a square hole,wavering between the white and the black community all his lifetime. On the other hand,the whole society is keen to pin down Joe's clear identity in his own will, regardless ofJoe's intention. In a hierarchical society, it is the racial prejudice and different socialpowers that create and construct Joe as a part nigger.
There are four chapters in the thesis besides Introduction and Conclusion parts.
Chapter One is the literature review of Light in August both at home and abroad.
Chapter Two gives an overview of the post-colonialist theories, especially theories ofidentity construction, which constitutes the theoretical foundation. Chapters Three andFour are the main body, respectively analyzing both the internal and external elementsof Joe's identity dilemma in the light of the post-colonial theories.
In conclusion, the indeterminacy of Joe Christmas' identity demonstrates that theessence of identity issue is not whether one is a black or not, but the social constructionof identity of human beings.
ABSTRACT
The term “intertextuality”, which was introduced by French literary critics JuliaKristeva in the 1960s, refers to the relationship between texts. And it has been in thespotlight of the academic world since its debut. Kristeva claims that every text isconstructed as a mosaic of quotations; every text is the absorption and transportation ofother texts. The theory of intertextuality not only brings about great social, cultural andhistorical significance, but also stimulates a new thought and a refreshing researchperspective for the evolution of translation theory.
Biancheng, a novella that expresses the localism, is the masterpiece of the famousmodern Chinese writer Shen Congwen. The story happened in a border town namedChadong of Xiangxi in the 1930s, and it depicts the special local flavor of Xiangxidistrict. At the same time, the novel showcases the kindness of the humanity and thepurity of the soul by describing the tragic story of a girl called Cuicui. The novel hasattracted lots of readers at home and abroad for its unique artistic charm and vivid localflavor.
The thesis deals with the two representative English versions of Biancheng, one isfrom the famous British translator Gladys Yang, the other is from the Americansinologist Jeffrey C. Kinkley. The author engages in the exploration of how to apply thetheory of intertextuality to the translation of novels from theory and practice and tries todig up a new perspective concerning the translation studies of Biancheng as an effort toprove the fact that the theory of intertextuality can not only be viewed as epistemologybut also be taken as methodology for the research of novel translation.
All in all, two research methods are included in this thesis. First and foremost, thecombination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis runs through the wholethesis in order to reflect the frequency distribution for use of domestication andforeignization; in addition, the thesis mainly uses the case analysis, especially in themain body part. It expounds the enlightenment the theory of intertextuality brings to thenovel translation by comparing different translations of the different Chineseculture-specific items (CSI) in terms of linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture. The features of the application of the intertextuality into thetranslation studies are as follows: it pays much more attention to the translator'ssubjectivity and manifests the nature of translation activities as intertextuality in aclearer way. Thus, it helps to build the new intertextual connections between the sourcetext and the target text and provide fresh new theoretical support for the macroscopicconstruction of the translation studies.
This thesis can be divided into six parts.
In the Introduction, the author displays a brief introduction of the researchbackground, research significance, the methodology, and the structure of the thesisrespectively.
Chapter One is the review of the previous studies on Biancheng and its Englishtranslations both at home and abroad.
Chapter Two is primarily concerned with the establishment and development of thetheory of intertextuality, and then the relationship between the theory of intertextualityand translation will be presented.
Chapter Three is about Biancheng and its two English translations. It not onlypresents a brief introduction of Shen Congwen, but also elaborates the description of thetwo translators---Gladys Yang and Jeffrey C. Kinkley. Meanwhile, it provides us withthe background information about the formation process of these two English versions.
Chapter Four is the main body of the thesis. The author initiates the comparativestudy of the two English versions of Biancheng by detailed analysis of five differenttypes of culture-specific items, namely linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture,The last part is the Conclusion. The author holds that Biancheng contains a lot ofdifferent types of intertextual signals of Chinese culture-specific items which can betraced in other previous texts. At the same time, because of the different environmentand cultural background, the two translators share different understandings on theintertextual signals of those culture-specific items, resulting in the two translators'
different choices of different translation strategies. Gladys Yang's version involves bothdomestication and foreignization, and foreignization occupies a larger percentage. Asthis version got published in 1981, the readers from the English speaking countriescould grasp the style and content of the translated version in a rather difficult way;while Kinkley's version was out in 2009, and he tended to use more foreignization thanthat of Gladys Yang, which helped to meet the needs of those foreign readers who notonly possessed basic knowledge of China and Chinese culture, but also yearned forhaving a better understanding of Chinese culture. In addition, Kinkley's versionsuccessfully maintained the local flavor of the source text, helps transmit Chineseculture to the world, and making it a worthwhile material for further study.
Abstract
With the development of optical networks, the architecture of optical networkbecome more and more complex, so the demand to establish monitoring network foroptical network is urgent and necessary. Traditional optical network monitoring systemfocused on the terminal of equipment, take the form of protection switching when thebreakdown of network to keep the integrity of the network,but this method can not givethe type and location of breakdown in optic cable.“Multi-fible monitoring system” isproposed to solve this problem.
This system, based on the principle of backscatter, consists of OTDR block,opticalswitching, computers, embedded operating systems etc.It establishes a monitoring systemwhich could efficiently manage the complex optical networks.In this thesis,it firstlyintroduces the present research background of OTDR,describes the optical principle offiber measurement and the structure of modern digital OTDR block;then it gives thearchitecture of the fiber monitoring system which consist of MCU,OTDR block,opticalswitching,Ethernet and management software;at last it mainly introduces the self-defineprotocols,with these protocols we can request measurement,modify IP address ofMCU,switch the fiber link we measured,cancel the measurement and store the result ofmeasurement.meanwhile its monitoring function has no impact on the networkscommunication and it could discover the potential threat to optical networks by setting ofmanagement software,promoting the reliability and stability of optical network.
Abstract
The paper regards THE DRESS CODE as the theoretical basis, systematicallyresearching and finishing the man's shirt custom culture connotation and process. Through thedomestic on-the-spot investigation and foreign online survey the author gets to know shirt'scustom status quo, combing and summarizing the relevant literature in different countries, andsummed up the basic theories and methods of shirt customization system.
THE DRESS CODE is the basic rule of international society and luxury culture. It containsrules of clothing and clothing of practice. In THE DRESS CODE system, is divided into fourtypes: formal dress, informal dress ,outdoor clothing and coats. Shirt is indispensable to theformal dress and informal dress as well, which is the main type of outdoor clothing. Inner wearshirt goes with formal dress and informal dress, which are divided into dress shirt and businessshirt. The dress shirt includes Tailcoat dress shirt, Tuxedo dress shirt, Morning coat dress shirt,Director's suit dress shirt; Business shirt includes formal shirt, business casual shirt. Outdoorclothing includes casual shirt and sport shirt. They all have special expression language andstandardize the shape. For shirt shows tasty characteristics and rules can be seen when wearing it,which contains more than just a piece of clothing. It is restrained to demonstrate the family of anassortment of shirts, the “family rules” to determine the basic rules of custom shirt industry andpath. The system always shows men's shirt characters, intentionally or unintentionally and leadsto social ethics and correction. The paper aimed at each sort of custom shirt's gentleman culture,shape characteristics, choice of colors, fabrics, accessories and social regulation has carried onthe detailed reading, translation, analysis and sorting, and then established a gentleman shirtcustomization system based on THE DRESS CODE. Designed to provide a reliable theoreticalbasis and successful cases shirt in China custom industry and enhance the international brand ofrelated research.
Abstract
Patent documentations translation plays an important role for the spreading andexchanging of scientific information. As an important component of patent documentations,the translation of terms has a significant effect on the translation quality of patentdocumentations.
At present, machine translation method has been fully developed, various kinds oftranslation systems emerged one after another. When translators translate the terms in thepatent documentations, they often translate them with the help of these translation systems.
At the same time, in the process of translation for patent documentations, translators willproduce large translation examples stored in the term example library and can use it tooptimize the results from the translation systems, thereby provide better reference for thetranslators to assist them translate the term.
This paper presents an automatic English-Chinese term translation method based onmulti-strategy. The work of this thesis mainly consists of two parts as follows:
Firstly, through analyzing the characteristics of terms, this paper introduced three kindsof features that adequately describe term translation fluency, compactness and loyalty, namelyterm word formation feature, mutual information feature and term example library feature.
These three features are combined with basic features, and regression algorithm in machinelearning is used to predict the translation quality so as to select the best result.
Secondly, this paper optimized the term translation results with low quality scores by theterm example library. String similarity algorithm is used to find several term translationexamples that are highly similar to the source language of the term to be optimized in theterm example library. According to the target language of these examples and the translationof the term to be optimized, a translation grid is constructed. With translation model featureand language model feature, the Viterbi decoding algorithm is adopted to search a top scoringpath in the grid, thereby generate a new term translation.
On the basis of the above work, an English-Chinese term translation system based onmulti-strategy is constructed. Experimental results show that the method achieves goodperformance in term translation quality estimation and term translation optimization. Thesystem can help translator to translate the term of patent documentations.
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