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非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞教案 高考
編寫教案的繁簡(jiǎn)，一般是有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教師寫得簡(jiǎn)略些，而新教師寫得詳細(xì)些。平行班用的同一課題的教案設(shè)計(jì)，根據(jù)上課班級(jí)學(xué)生的實(shí)際差異宜有所區(qū)別，原定教案，在上課進(jìn)程中可根據(jù)具體情況做適當(dāng)?shù)谋匾恼{(diào)整，課后隨時(shí)記錄教學(xué)效果，進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要的自我分析，有助于積累教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，不斷提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞教案 高考1
一、動(dòng)詞不定式
1. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)。
1). 在動(dòng)詞want, hope, would like, decide, wish,
choose, try, need等后常用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)。
I hope ______(hear)from you soon.
2). think/find /feel /make it + adj + to do sth
He found it difficult _______(get) to sleep.
3). stop to do sth / stop doing sth
stop to do sth 停下來(lái)去做某事 stop doing sth 停止正在做的事。
After working for a long time, He has to stop _______(have ) a rest.
He was very tired, so he had to stop ______(work).
2. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)。
1). 帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask / like /would like /teach /tell /want /help +sb +to do sth
Please ask him _________(come) quickly.
2). 省掉to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：let /make / hear /see /notice /have/watch+sb +do sth
注：省掉to的不定式的句子變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，需要還原to.
He made the baby _______(stop) crying.
The baby was made ______ _____ crying.
3. 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)
1). 動(dòng)詞不定式�？捎米骶渥拥闹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
2). 常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將不定式放在句子后面。
To do sth +謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+adj /n =
It +謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+adj / n + to do sth
To get an injection is a little painful.
_____ a little painful ____ ____ an injection(注射).
4. 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)放在被修飾詞之后
名詞或代詞+to do+(介詞)
注：若構(gòu)成的不定式的動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后加上相應(yīng)的介詞。
I want a pen to write ______.
I want a piece of paper to write ______.
5. 動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問(wèn)詞連用
疑問(wèn)詞+ to do sth
注：在賓語(yǔ)從句中，若主從句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為“疑問(wèn)詞+to do sth”.
Can you tell me how I can get to the hospital?
Can you tell me _____ ____ ____ the hospital.
6. 動(dòng)詞不定式可作狀語(yǔ)
1). 動(dòng)詞不定式可作目的狀語(yǔ)
在come / go / leave 后面接動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。
He came here ______(get)his book.
2). 動(dòng)詞不定式可作原因狀語(yǔ)
表語(yǔ)形容詞(sorry/sad/happy/ glad /afraid/ pleased)后與動(dòng)詞不定式連用作原因狀語(yǔ)
He was glad _______(see) his wife.
3). 動(dòng)詞不定式可作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
在too…to …, not …enough to …句型中的動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
He was too tired _______(walk) on.
7. 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)
be + to do sth
注：動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)可以和主語(yǔ)的位置互換，且常表將來(lái)。
Her wish is _______(become) a doctor.
_____ _____ is her wish.
8. 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式
在動(dòng)詞不定式的前面加not.
He told me _______(not stay) here.
9. 動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)的省略和保留情況。
1). 動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)的省略情況
若兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的不定式并列時(shí)，第一個(gè)不定式符號(hào)不能省略，其余的省掉to.但兩者有對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)，to都不能省略。
Edison’s mother taught him to write and read.
I haven’t decided to go home or to go to the cinema.
2) 省掉不定式而保留動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to的情況。
Will you take a walk with me ? I’m glad to.
Would you like to join my birthday party ?
I would love to.
二、動(dòng)名詞
1. 動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
Reading in bed ______(be) bad for your eyes.
2. 有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后面，只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
三、現(xiàn)在分詞
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞常放在see, hear, watch, notice 等之后作賓補(bǔ)。
I saw the boy____(play)in the street just now.
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)常放在被修飾詞之前，現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)要放在被修飾詞的后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
A sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping.
Did you know the man talking to Mr Li?=
Did you know the man who was talking to Mr Li?
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞表伴隨情況
He came into the classroom, carrying a book.
四、過(guò)去分詞
1. 作賓補(bǔ)
have /get +sth +done 表示請(qǐng)別人干某事
I had my TV repaired last night.
2. 作定語(yǔ)
單一的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，要放在被修飾詞的前面，過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)要放在被修飾詞的后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
Have you ever read any books written by Luxun?
Have you ever read any books _____ _____ written by Luxun?
3. 作表語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)已經(jīng)形容詞化
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞教案 高考2
在做單選題，如果遇到非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，可以根據(jù)句中的搭配結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)的主被動(dòng)形式和非謂語(yǔ)的“時(shí)態(tài)”三個(gè)角度，從語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)到語(yǔ)義由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜依次排選。
第一步：根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)形式在句中可作的成分來(lái)分析空白處可填入的非謂語(yǔ)形式，看能否在不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞幾個(gè)形式之間先排除一個(gè)或幾個(gè)。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可作成分一覽表
主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)
不定式√√√√√√
分詞√√√√
動(dòng)名詞√√√√
注：1).theÇ分詞也可用作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ);
2).現(xiàn)在分詞完成式不作定語(yǔ)。
1. 非謂語(yǔ)形式作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，除“theÇ分詞”外一般只能用不定式或動(dòng)名詞。其中不定式作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)要使用“特殊疑問(wèn)詞Ç不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：1).It’s very kind of you to help us.
2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment .
4).Please show us how to do that.
2. 作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式表示目的以及so/as¼to do和(only)to do中的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，其它狀語(yǔ)都用分詞來(lái)表示。
例如：1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.
(“非謂語(yǔ)Ç主句”模式中，非謂語(yǔ)在句首而且由逗號(hào)與主句隔開，此句中的不定式只作目的狀語(yǔ);此時(shí)的分詞表示時(shí)間、原因或條件狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)分詞前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though等連詞，如：①Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. ②When asked,never be silent.)
2).He came here only to say good-bye to us.
(不定式在句中作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)它前面不能用逗號(hào))
3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to show his ignorance on the topic.
(不定式在主句之后，又有逗號(hào)與主句隔開時(shí)常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主語(yǔ)意料的結(jié)果)
第二步：在第一步的基礎(chǔ)上從非謂語(yǔ)的主被動(dòng)形式這個(gè)角度進(jìn)行篩選。
1. 非謂語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般根據(jù)它們的邏輯主語(yǔ)來(lái)判斷主被動(dòng)形式的選用;若無(wú)邏輯主語(yǔ)，則以主句主語(yǔ)為判斷對(duì)象。
例如：1).Using the dictionary,I found it of great use.
(作狀語(yǔ)的分詞邏輯主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)常省去)
2).It’s so nice to hear your voice.
3).Seeing is believing.
(不帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的不定式或動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常看作第一人稱的邏輯主語(yǔ)省略)
注意以下特殊情況中非謂語(yǔ)一律用主動(dòng)式：
�、僦髡Z(yǔ)Ç系動(dòng)詞Ç形容詞Ç不定式
�、趎eed/want/require(需要) Çdoing
③be worth doing
2. 作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，要根據(jù)主句主語(yǔ)來(lái)分析主被動(dòng)形式。
例如：1).The little girl would like to be brought to the State with her brother.
2).His story in the jungle is very exciting.
3. 作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)被修飾詞來(lái)選用主被動(dòng)形式。
例如：1).I have a room to paint,so I can’t go out for a picnic with them.
2).We have a room to be painted.Where can we find a worker?
(當(dāng)句中出現(xiàn)了作定語(yǔ)的不定式動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者時(shí)用主動(dòng)式，否則用被動(dòng)式)
4. 作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)主被動(dòng)形式要根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系來(lái)確定。
例如：1).Don’t have the water running like that.
2).She sat alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
第三步：經(jīng)過(guò)第一、二兩步分析仍未能作出最后選擇時(shí)，可能會(huì)剩下不定式和分詞內(nèi)部不同的式之間的選擇，即非謂語(yǔ)的“時(shí)態(tài)”，這時(shí)可通過(guò)比較非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所發(fā)生的先后來(lái)判別。
1. 不定式的一般式to do/to be done常用在
�、俦硎痉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之后;
例如：1).I hope to see you again soon.
2).Who do you think our teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper?
�、诒硎九c謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的一個(gè)全過(guò)程動(dòng)作或謂語(yǔ)當(dāng)時(shí)所處的狀態(tài)。
例如：4).Have you seen a little boy go into the house?
5).He seems to know that.
2.不定式的進(jìn)行式to be doing 和現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式doing/being done只用來(lái)表示非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。
例如：1).The secretary worked late into the night, preparaing the long speech for the president.
2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.
3.不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和現(xiàn)在分詞完成式having done/having been done均表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前。
例如：1).He is said to have left.
2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.
4.詞常表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前而及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞則可以指發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前或與謂語(yǔ)同時(shí)的狀態(tài)。
例如：1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match
2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind.
若非謂語(yǔ)形式正確而詞義仍不同者則需從句義來(lái)考慮。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
1.動(dòng)詞不定式
例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同時(shí)發(fā)生)
例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在后)
例3：He is said to have studied English for three years. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前)
注：動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式有時(shí)用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等過(guò)去式的動(dòng)詞后面，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。例如：
1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. (我本想把這本書郵寄給你的。)
2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)
2.動(dòng)名詞
例1：I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在后)
例2：We enjoy watching colour TV. (與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí))
例3：He forgot having promised to write things for us. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前。)
3.分詞
例1：Singing a song, he came into the room. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)
例2：Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的比較
1.動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式在用法上的比較
(1)一般說(shuō)來(lái)動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作在意義上是比較抽象的、一般的，時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)，不是指某一次的動(dòng)作;而動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的動(dòng)作則往往是具體的一次行為。例如：
1)I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.
2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.
3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，常常是句子的主語(yǔ)或句中的某個(gè)詞;而動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)可能是句子主語(yǔ)或句中某個(gè)詞，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不著的。例如：
1)I hate to be sitting idle. (我不想閑坐著。)(指自己)
2)I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (我不喜歡開會(huì)不說(shuō)會(huì)后亂說(shuō)。)(可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人)
(3)有些詞后既可接動(dòng)名詞亦...
1不定式作賓語(yǔ)
1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。
2)動(dòng)詞+不定式 ; 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3) 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
The question is how to put it into practice. 問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
2 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?/p>
b. We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。
I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用�，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。
2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel find, guess, judge ,imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show ,suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。
3) to be +形容詞
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認(rèn)為這本書沒(méi)什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。
3 不定式主語(yǔ)
1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
聽到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is… to…的句型
(對(duì))To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。
4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門外語(yǔ)是很難的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法：
用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：
You are nice. (通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。
He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)
5 不定式作表語(yǔ)
不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor.
6 不定式作定語(yǔ)
不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light.
7 不定式作狀語(yǔ)
1)目的狀語(yǔ)
To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。
2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you.
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。
8 用作介詞的to
to 有兩種用法： 一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：
admit to承認(rèn)， confess to承認(rèn)，
be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于， be used to 習(xí)慣于， stick to 堅(jiān)持， turn to開始，著手于， devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
9 省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：
3) 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。
注意：在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather，had better：
5) Why… / why not…：
6) help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：
7) but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去：
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。
舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比較： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。
10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過(guò)的時(shí)候，她假裝沒(méi)看見。
典型例題
1)Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。
11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了，說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。
I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。
2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定， too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (諺語(yǔ))改過(guò)不嫌晚。
3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。
2) so kind as to ---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"
例如： Why not take a holiday?干嗎不去度假?
14 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)\語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing
1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2) 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
15 動(dòng)名詞與不定式
1) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：
動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的
不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的
2) 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。
3) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同的有11 組：
1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
1. 分詞的定義 動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞即過(guò)去分詞，是由動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，一般只有一種形式。 2. 過(guò)去分詞的語(yǔ)法作用：
過(guò)去分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞，在句中可以作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1) 過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，主要表示主語(yǔ)的心理感覺(jué)或所處的狀態(tài)。如：
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個(gè)杯子，它是壞的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。
2) 過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)：
單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在名詞的前面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如：
The excited people rushed into the building. 激動(dòng)的人們奔進(jìn)了大樓。
We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的詞后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活動(dòng)嗎?
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外國(guó)專家提出來(lái)的建議被經(jīng)理采納了。
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)也可用作非限制性定語(yǔ)，前后用逗號(hào)隔開。如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.這些書是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國(guó)人民的喜愛(ài)。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 這次會(huì)議獲得很大的成功，共有一千個(gè)學(xué)生出席了。
3) 過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)：
過(guò)去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)一樣，也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①表時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可加連詞when或while來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。如：
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 從山頂上看，這個(gè)城市就像一個(gè)大花園。
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入黨以后，他決定獻(xiàn)身于黨的事業(yè)。
�、诒碓颍喈�(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激動(dòng)的人們被那個(gè)故事深深地感動(dòng)了，停止了爭(zhēng)吵。
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了講演的鼓舞，年輕人決定起來(lái)從事斗爭(zhēng)。
③表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可用if等詞。如：
Given another chance, he will do better.再給他一次機(jī)會(huì)，他會(huì)做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱，會(huì)變成水蒸氣。
④表讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴隨情況。如：
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那個(gè)老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問(wèn)題。
4) 過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
過(guò)去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么時(shí)候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒?
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當(dāng)你在作報(bào)告時(shí)，你應(yīng)該講響一點(diǎn)使自己被人聽清。
當(dāng)這類句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應(yīng)該讓他們知道那兒的形勢(shì)。
二、特別提醒
1. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般必須和句子的主語(yǔ)相一致。如：
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.當(dāng)那個(gè)男孩被問(wèn)到為何來(lái)這里時(shí)，他沉默不語(yǔ)。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在農(nóng)村出生并長(zhǎng)大，他對(duì)生物很感興趣。
如果過(guò)去分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子主語(yǔ)不一致，必須使用過(guò)去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. 動(dòng)詞have后所接的三種賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：
have somebody/something do something 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)必須省去to, 不定式動(dòng)作由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出，表示一次性的動(dòng)作。如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆經(jīng)常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業(yè)。
have somebody /something doing something -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，分詞動(dòng)作也由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)或正在進(jìn)行。如：
They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機(jī)一直工作著。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我們不能讓那個(gè)孩子那樣對(duì)他的媽媽說(shuō)話。
have somebody/something done 過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，通常有兩種情況：
�、僦髡Z(yǔ)讓別人做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發(fā)了。
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后來(lái)，這個(gè)中心讓人種了很多樹。
�、谥髡Z(yǔ)遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境，說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的一種無(wú)意識(shí)的被動(dòng)行為。如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，他失去了一只眼睛。
3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)的三種形式：
the bridge to be built 將要建造的橋 (表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作)
the bridge being built 正在建造的橋 (表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作)
the bridge built 造好的橋 (表示完成的動(dòng)作)
4. 過(guò)去分詞和–ing分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)通常表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)或感受，而-ing分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征，如：
Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 聽到那個(gè)消息，我們感到很驚訝
The news is very surprising. 這個(gè)消息很令人驚訝。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.
看到這么動(dòng)人的情景，所有在場(chǎng)的人都感動(dòng)得流下了眼淚。
英語(yǔ)中這樣的分詞還有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。
5. 過(guò)去分詞和–ing分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)和-ing分詞作定語(yǔ)有一定的區(qū)別。試比較下面幾組短語(yǔ)：
boiled water開水 boiling water正沸騰的水
developed countries發(fā)展的國(guó)家 developing countries發(fā)展中國(guó)家
fallen leaves落葉 falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子
changed condition改變了的情況 changing condition變化著的情況
由此可見，過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)通常表示完成的或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作;而-ing分詞作定語(yǔ)可以表示正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。
三、提高練習(xí)
1. I’m going to have my car ________ .
A. to be fixed B. to fix C. fixed D. to fix
2. What’s the language ______ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
3. ______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. having been followed by
4. He had his leg _______ in the match yesterday.
A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking
5. Most of the people _______ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
6. ________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
7. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _________ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
8. The computer center, _______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
9. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
10. The Olympic Games, _________ in 776BC, didn’t include women players until 1912.
A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first played
11. Don’t get _________ in the rain.
A. to be caught B. catching C. to catch D. caught
12. I found a car _________ in a pool by the side of the road.
A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick
13. ---By the way, when did you get your bedroom _______ ? ---Last week.
A. to paint B. painted C. painting D. to be painted
14. The children were found _________ in the cave.
A. trapping B. trapped C. to be trapped D. be trapped
15. They found a ______ old woman _______ on the ground when the door was broken down.
A. dying, lying B. dead, lied C. death, laying D. died, lain
16. On a _____ morning the little girl was found _______ at the corner of the street.
A. freezing, freezing B. freezing, frozen C. frozen, frozen D. frozen, freezing
17. No one enjoys ______ fun of in public.
A. making B. being made C. to be made D. to make
18. Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word _____.
A. speaking B. spoken C. to be spoken D. speak
19. ______ from space, the earth, with water _______ seventy percent of its surface, looks like a blue ball.
A. Seen, covered B. Seen, covering C. Seeing, covering D. Seeing, covered
20. An _________ crowd is awaiting the arrival of the film star.
A. excited B. exciting C. excite D. excitedly
1---5 C B B B A 6---10 A D D C A
11—15 D B B B A 16---20 B B B B A
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